Font Management Typefaces Postscript and font problems

What are the implications of using Times-Roman instead of Times New Roman in a document? Can I use these fonts inter-changeably and, if not, when do I use which font? How do the various types of fonts affect the output of my PDF document, onscreen and in print? This section provides the answers to these questions, together with some more theoretical background information about fonts.

Types of fonts and their usage
Standard 14 fonts
When working in PostScript and PDF environments, you may come across the notion “standard 14 fonts” or “base 14 fonts”. What exactly are these “standard 14 fonts”? Actually, the term is derived from the standard set of 13 PostScript fonts, which are resident in all PostScript output devices. These fonts are Times Roman, Italic, bold, bold italic, Helvetica, Helvetica Oblique, Helvetica bold, Helvetica bold oblique, Courier, Courier oblique, Courier bold, Courier bold oblique and Symbol.

PostScript Type 1 fonts
PostScript Type 1 fonts were originally developed by Adobe Systems for use in PostScript printers. PostScript Type 1 fonts are outline fonts. They use lines and cubic Bezier curves to define letter shapes or “glyphs”. A “glyph” is the shape in a font that is used to represent a character code on screen or paper. Examples of glyphs are the letters of the alphabet or the symbols in a font like ITC ZapfDingbats.
Type 1 fonts have the following characteristics:
1. They are smaller in file size than TrueType fonts, which means that they occupy less space on your system’s hard disk.
2.Being outline fonts, Type 1 fonts are scalable to almost any size. They remain sharp and smooth on any platform and in print, and their legibility remains good, even when printed at small point sizes on low-resolution laser printers.
3.PostScript Type 1 fonts are commonly used in professional publishing environments and are supported by most high-end output devices,
because most of these devices use PostScript as their page description language.
4. A PostScript Type 1 font is stored in two separate files: one which contains the character outlines and one which contains the font metric data. In Microsoft Windows, you can recognize these by their extensions: *.pfb (Printer Font Binary file) for the character outline and *.pfm (Printer Font Metrics file) for the one containing the metric data. The former (.pfb) is commonly called the printer font, the latter (.pfm) is also known as the screen font. The combined file size of both files, however, is smaller than the file size of its TrueType counterpart. The file size of the PostScript font may sometimes even be as little as half of the size of the corresponding TrueType font.

PostScript Type 3 fonts
PostScript Type 3 fonts are primarily decorative ornaments fonts with a lot of tonal variations and filled-andstroked objects in the same character. Indeed, Type 3 fonts can have grayscale fills and strokes and other “special effects”, whereas Type 1 or TrueType fonts are entirely black. Consequently, Type 3 fonts have the following characteristics:
1. Their file size is bigger than the corresponding of Type 1 or TrueType fonts.
2. They may take longer to print or output.
3 They look worse than Type 1 or TrueType fonts in very small point sizes and when printed at low resolutions.

TrueType font
The TrueType font format was developed by Apple Computer as an alternative to the Adobe Type 1 standard. It is used both on Macintosh and Windows computers. Like PostScript Type 1 fonts, TrueType fonts also use outlines to describe the letter shapes. TrueType fonts have the following characteristics:
1. Their use is widespread and they are integrated in almost every desktop office software program for Microsoft Windows or Macintosh systems.
2. TrueType fonts can print well on both non-PostScript and PostScript output devices. However, to print well on a PostScript device, the TrueType font must be converted to PostScript outlines, which may affect the visual quality of the resulting font. This is why many prepress service providers are reluctant to support TrueType fonts.
3. On Windows-based systems, a TrueType font is physically stored in a single file, the name of which has the .ttf extension. On Macintosh, it is stored as a single Suitcase.
4. A TrueType font, or a combined use of TrueType and PostScript fonts in one document, may be troublesome in high-end PostScript devices, especially imagesetters.

Multiple Master font
The Multiple Master font format is an extension of the PostScript Type 1 format. “Multiple Masters” are fonts offering design variations at the extremes of the “design axis”. This design axis represents a given variable property for that font, such as:
1. Weight (light vs. bold)
2. Width (condensed vs. expanded)
3. Optical size
The mechanism of Multiple Master fonts is that the two masters at the extremes of the design axis have a fixed design, but you can create any variation between these masters. Typically, Multiple Master fonts have two design axes, which require four masters. These masters can be considered the cornerstones of the matrix. A. Master B. Font property C. Design axis D. Userdefined variant “in-between” To create the in-between variants, you require Adobe Type Manager.

Open Type Fonts
An extension of True Type format. Supports PostScript font data in the same file with True Type font data. otf is the extension on the Mac. These fonts enable font creators to design better international and high end fonts by including Open Type Layout tables. These tables contain information on glyph (character) substitution, positioning, justification and baseline positioning which enables text- processing applications to improve text layout by making minute adjustments to the kerning and tracking.

PDF font substitution
If you transfer PDF documents across computers or computer platforms, the fonts in the document may be in any of three conditions. They may be:
1. Available as system fonts, i.e. the fonts in the PDF document are also installed on the computer where the PDF document is viewed
2. Available as embedded fonts, which means that the fonts are included in the PDF document
3. Not available, either in the document or on the system. If the font is not available, it will have to be replaced by a font which is available on the recipient’s computer. This process is called “PDF font substitution”.

Finding PostScript font names
If you need to enter a font name manually in the Enfocus PDF Profile Editor, you can use a PDF file to find the exact spelling of the name.
To find a PostScript font name:
1 Use any application to create a one-page document with the PostScript font.
2 Create a PDF file from the document.
3 Open the PDF file with Acrobat and choose File >Document Info > Fonts. (If the file contains more than a single page and the font you’re interested in is not on the first page, click List All Fonts.)
4 Write down the name of the font, using the exact spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation of the name as it appears in the Font Info dialog box.
5 Click OK to close the dialog box.

Embedding versus subsetting fonts
Embedding fonts – Best Practice
Using the Enfocus PDF Profile Editor or Distiller, you can specify in a PDF Profile whether a PDF document should:
1. Embed all fonts
2. Embed all fonts except the standard 14 fonts
3. Embed all fonts that can’t be emulated for viewing
4. Embed all fonts that can be emulated for viewing
Embedding a font implies that the entire font, i.e. every single character of the font, is copied into your PDF document. This is particularly useful if your document needs to be displayed and printed on a different computer, which may not have the same fonts installed. Furthermore, if the entire font is embedded, you can still edit the text in the PDF document on a computer that does not have the font installed. Note that embedding an entire font a³ a standard roman font typically contains 256 characters - will increase the file size of a PDF document by 30k to 40k for PostScript Type 1 fonts, or more for TrueType fonts. So the difference in memory is so minimal that embedding the fonts, if the PDF will need to be corrected in the future is best practice.

Subsetting fonts
Using the Enfocus PDF Profile Editor, you can specify in a PDF Profile whether a PDF document should:
1. Subset all fonts
2. Subset all except the standard 14 fonts
3. Subset all fonts that can’t be emulated for viewing
4. Subset all fonts that can be emulated for viewing. Instead of embedding an entire font, you may want to embed only a subset of the font a³ i.e. the characters of the font that are actually used in the text. Subsetting a font allows you to keep a file as small as possible, which is recommended especially if you do not plan to add more text (and hence more font characters) to the file. Note that when you combine two or more PDF documents that have the same font subset, duplicate character information is not deleted from the merged sets. This will result in a considerably larger file. However, if it is not important that readers see the file in its original fonts, do not embed fonts at all, and let Acrobat use substitute fonts when necessary. This will produce the smallest file possible. Naturally, reducing file size will improve the file transferability.

Finding exact font names
A given font can have different names. And the name of the font which you see in your source application is not necessarily the same as its “real” internal font name. For example, the Adobe Type 1 font “Times” as you see it in your word processing or desktop publishing program also has a PostScript name: “Times-Roman”. The same applies to its TrueType counterpart “Times New Roman”: its name appears in Adobe Acrobat as “TimesNewRoman” (without spaces). Consequently, if you need to enter a font name manually in one of the dialog boxes of Enfocus PitStop Professional, it is important that you type the font name exactly as it is spelled in Adobe Acrobat. You can use a PDF file to find the exact spelling of the name. To find the exact font name:
1 Use any application to create a one-page document with the font(s) of which you want to know the exact name.
2 Create a PDF file of the document.
3 Open the PDF file in Adobe Acrobat and do one of the following:
In Adobe Acrobat 4, choose File > Document Info > Fonts. In Adobe Acrobat 5, choose File > Document Properties > Fonts. In Adobe Acrobat 6, choose File > Document Properties > Fonts. In Adobe Acrobat 7, choose File > Document Properties > Fonts.
4 Write down the name of the font(s), using the exact spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation of the name as it appears in the Font Info dialog box.
5 Click OK.

	What are the implications of using Times-Roman instead of Times New Roman in a document? Can I use these fonts inter-changeably and, if not, when do I use which font? How do the various types of fonts affect the output of my PDF document, onscreen and in print? This section provides the answers to these questions, together with some more theoretical background information about fonts. Types of fonts and their usage Standard 14 fonts When working in PostScript and PDF environments, you may come across the notion “standard 14 fonts” or “base 14 fonts”. What exactly are these “standard 14 fonts”? Actually, the term is derived from the standard set of 13 PostScript fonts, which are resident in all PostScript output devices. These fonts are Times Roman, Italic, bold, bold italic, Helvetica, Helvetica Oblique, Helvetica bold, Helvetica bold oblique, Courier, Courier oblique, Courier bold, Courier bold oblique and Symbol. PostScript Type 1 fonts PostScript Type 1 fonts were originally developed by Adobe Systems for use in PostScript printers. PostScript Type 1 fonts are outline fonts. They use lines and cubic Bezier curves to define letter shapes or “glyphs”. A “glyph” is the shape in a font that is used to represent a character code on screen or paper. Examples of glyphs are the letters of the alphabet or the symbols in a font like ITC ZapfDingbats. Type 1 fonts have the following characteristics: 1. They are smaller in file size than TrueType fonts, which means that they occupy less space on your system’s hard disk. 2.Being outline fonts, Type 1 fonts are scalable to almost any size. They remain sharp and smooth on any platform and in print, and their legibility remains good, even when printed at small point sizes on low-resolution laser printers. 3.PostScript Type 1 fonts are commonly used in professional publishing environments and are supported by most high-end output devices, because most of these devices use PostScript as their page description language. 4. A PostScript Type 1 font is stored in two separate files: one which contains the character outlines and one which contains the font metric data. In Microsoft Windows, you can recognize these by their extensions: .pfb (Printer Font Binary file) for the character outline and .pfm (Printer Font Metrics file) for the one containing the metric data. The former (.pfb) is commonly called the printer font, the latter (.pfm) is also known as the screen font. The combined file size of both files, however, is smaller than the file size of its TrueType counterpart. The file size of the PostScript font may sometimes even be as little as half of the size of the corresponding TrueType font. PostScript Type 3 fonts PostScript Type 3 fonts are primarily decorative ornaments fonts with a lot of tonal variations and filled-andstroked objects in the same character. Indeed, Type 3 fonts can have grayscale fills and strokes and other “special effects”, whereas Type 1 or TrueType fonts are entirely black. Consequently, Type 3 fonts have the following characteristics: 1. Their file size is bigger than the corresponding of Type 1 or TrueType fonts. 2. They may take longer to print or output. 3 They look worse than Type 1 or TrueType fonts in very small point sizes and when printed at low resolutions. TrueType font The TrueType font format was developed by Apple Computer as an alternative to the Adobe Type 1 standard. It is used both on Macintosh and Windows computers. Like PostScript Type 1 fonts, TrueType fonts also use outlines to describe the letter shapes. TrueType fonts have the following characteristics: 1. Their use is widespread and they are integrated in almost every desktop office software program for Microsoft Windows or Macintosh systems. 2. TrueType fonts can print well on both non-PostScript and PostScript output devices. However, to print well on a PostScript device, the TrueType font must be converted to PostScript outlines, which may affect the visual quality of the resulting font. This is why many prepress service providers are reluctant to support TrueType fonts. 3. On Windows-based systems, a TrueType font is physically stored in a single file, the name of which has the .ttf extension. On Macintosh, it is stored as a single Suitcase. 4. A TrueType font, or a combined use of TrueType and PostScript fonts in one document, may be troublesome in high-end PostScript devices, especially imagesetters. Multiple Master font The Multiple Master font format is an extension of the PostScript Type 1 format. “Multiple Masters” are fonts offering design variations at the extremes of the “design axis”. This design axis represents a given variable property for that font, such as: 1. Weight (light vs. bold) 2. Width (condensed vs. expanded) 3. Optical size The mechanism of Multiple Master fonts is that the two masters at the extremes of the design axis have a fixed design, but you can create any variation between these masters. Typically, Multiple Master fonts have two design axes, which require four masters. These masters can be considered the cornerstones of the matrix. A. Master B. Font property C. Design axis D. Userdefined variant “in-between” To create the in-between variants, you require Adobe Type Manager. Open Type Fonts An extension of True Type format. Supports PostScript font data in the same file with True Type font data. otf is the extension on the Mac. These fonts enable font creators to design better international and high end fonts by including Open Type Layout tables. These tables contain information on glyph (character) substitution, positioning, justification and baseline positioning which enables text- processing applications to improve text layout by making minute adjustments to the kerning and tracking. PDF font substitution If you transfer PDF documents across computers or computer platforms, the fonts in the document may be in any of three conditions. They may be: 1. Available as system fonts, i.e. the fonts in the PDF document are also installed on the computer where the PDF document is viewed 2. Available as embedded fonts, which means that the fonts are included in the PDF document 3. Not available, either in the document or on the system. If the font is not available, it will have to be replaced by a font which is available on the recipient’s computer. This process is called “PDF font substitution”. Finding PostScript font names If you need to enter a font name manually in the Enfocus PDF Profile Editor, you can use a PDF file to find the exact spelling of the name. To find a PostScript font name: 1 Use any application to create a one-page document with the PostScript font. 2 Create a PDF file from the document. 3 Open the PDF file with Acrobat and choose File >Document Info > Fonts. (If the file contains more than a single page and the font you’re interested in is not on the first page, click List All Fonts.) 4 Write down the name of the font, using the exact spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation of the name as it appears in the Font Info dialog box. 5 Click OK to close the dialog box. Embedding versus subsetting fonts Embedding fonts – Best Practice Using the Enfocus PDF Profile Editor or Distiller, you can specify in a PDF Profile whether a PDF document should: 1. Embed all fonts 2. Embed all fonts except the standard 14 fonts 3. Embed all fonts that can’t be emulated for viewing 4. Embed all fonts that can be emulated for viewing Embedding a font implies that the entire font, i.e. every single character of the font, is copied into your PDF document. This is particularly useful if your document needs to be displayed and printed on a different computer, which may not have the same fonts installed. Furthermore, if the entire font is embedded, you can still edit the text in the PDF document on a computer that does not have the font installed. Note that embedding an entire font a³ a standard roman font typically contains 256 characters - will increase the file size of a PDF document by 30k to 40k for PostScript Type 1 fonts, or more for TrueType fonts. So the difference in memory is so minimal that embedding the fonts, if the PDF will need to be corrected in the future is best practice. Subsetting fonts Using the Enfocus PDF Profile Editor, you can specify in a PDF Profile whether a PDF document should: 1. Subset all fonts 2. Subset all except the standard 14 fonts 3. Subset all fonts that can’t be emulated for viewing 4. Subset all fonts that can be emulated for viewing. Instead of embedding an entire font, you may want to embed only a subset of the font a³ i.e. the characters of the font that are actually used in the text. Subsetting a font allows you to keep a file as small as possible, which is recommended especially if you do not plan to add more text (and hence more font characters) to the file. Note that when you combine two or more PDF documents that have the same font subset, duplicate character information is not deleted from the merged sets. This will result in a considerably larger file. However, if it is not important that readers see the file in its original fonts, do not embed fonts at all, and let Acrobat use substitute fonts when necessary. This will produce the smallest file possible. Naturally, reducing file size will improve the file transferability. Finding exact font names A given font can have different names. And the name of the font which you see in your source application is not necessarily the same as its “real” internal font name. For example, the Adobe Type 1 font “Times” as you see it in your word processing or desktop publishing program also has a PostScript name: “Times-Roman”. The same applies to its TrueType counterpart “Times New Roman”: its name appears in Adobe Acrobat as “TimesNewRoman” (without spaces). Consequently, if you need to enter a font name manually in one of the dialog boxes of Enfocus PitStop Professional, it is important that you type the font name exactly as it is spelled in Adobe Acrobat. You can use a PDF file to find the exact spelling of the name. To find the exact font name: 1 Use any application to create a one-page document with the font(s) of which you want to know the exact name. 2 Create a PDF file of the document. 3 Open the PDF file in Adobe Acrobat and do one of the following: In Adobe Acrobat 4, choose File > Document Info > Fonts. In Adobe Acrobat 5, choose File > Document Properties > Fonts. In Adobe Acrobat 6, choose File > Document Properties > Fonts. In Adobe Acrobat 7, choose File > Document Properties > Fonts. 4 Write down the name of the font(s), using the exact spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation of the name as it appears in the Font Info dialog box. 5 Click OK.

PostScript Type1 Mac		PostScript Type1 PC

True Type Mac		True Type PC

Open Type Mac

Font Management	"I was quite surprised to find out that most of my computer problems were actually being caused by duplicate fonts." Dan Meltzer - Fas Type, Inc.
		No Duff Stuff